Symptoms of Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome is characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics, which can be divided into two types:
Motor Ticks: Sudden, brief movements such as eye blinks, head shakes, shoulder shrugs, or facial flashes.
Vocal Ticks: Sounds like clearing the throat, purring, sniffing, or even words or phrases.
Tics are often preceded by a sensory urge, such as itching or stress, and performing the tic provides temporary relief.
Why does Tourette syndrome occur?
Although the exact cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown, research suggests that it is caused by a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors. Here’s a closer look:
Genetic factors:
TS often runs in families, indicating a genetic component. However, no single gene has been identified as the sole cause.
Nervous Imbalance:
Malfunctions in brain circuits involving the basal ganglia, which control movement, play a role. Neurotransmitter imbalances, such as dopamine and serotonin, can also contribute.
Environmental Effects:
Stress, infection, and prenatal factors such as maternal smoking or complications during delivery can increase the risk of developing TS.
How to Manage Tourette Syndrome
Although there is no cure for Tourette syndrome, several strategies can help people live a fulfilling life:
1. Behavior therapy
Habit Reversal Therapy (HRT): Teaches people to recognize the urge to tic and redirect it into a less noticeable behavior.
Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT): Combines HRT with relaxation techniques and education.
2. Medicines
Medications may be prescribed in severe cases to reduce the frequency or severity of tics. These include antipsychotics, alpha-adrenergic agonists, and antidepressants.
3. Supportive care
Education: Raising awareness about TS helps reduce stigma and promote understanding among peers, teachers, and peers.
Support groups: Connecting with others with TS can provide emotional support and coping strategies.
4. Stress management
Stress and anxiety often exacerbate tics. Techniques such as mindfulness, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can help individuals manage stress.
5. School and workplace accommodations
Schools and employers can provide support by creating flexible schedules, offering quiet spaces, or allowing frequent breaks to help manage symptoms.
Living with Tourette syndrome
Despite the challenges, people with Tourette syndrome can thrive with the right support. Many people with TS excel in a variety of fields, exhibiting creativity, flexibility, and unique abilities. Public figures such as Samuel Johnson, Tim Howard, and Billie Eilish have helped raise awareness of TS, and encouraged others to embrace their differences.
(This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for advice provided by a qualified medical professional.)