Here are seven important facts about cervical cancer that every woman should know, shared by Dr. Menuwalia, Vice Chairman – Medical Oncology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Patparganj:
1. Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix.
Cervical cancer starts in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The cervix plays an important role in the reproductive system by allowing the passage of sperm into the uterus and acting as a barrier during childbirth. Cancer develops when abnormal cells in the cervix grow out of control. Most cervical cancers are associated with persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted virus.
2. HPV infection is an important cause.
Persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is the most important risk factor for cervical cancer. There are more than 100 types of HPV, but only a few, including HPV-16 and HPV-18, are known to cause the majority of cervical cancer cases. HPV infections are incredibly common and, in most cases, are cleared by the body’s immune system without harm. However, in some women, the virus can persist, resulting in abnormal cell changes in the cervix, which can turn into cancer over time.
3. Early detection saves lives.
Cervical cancer often has no obvious symptoms in its early stages, which is why routine screening is so important. Pap smears (or Pap tests) and HPV tests are key tools used to detect cervical abnormalities before they develop into cancer. A Pap smear checks for abnormal cells in the cervix, while an HPV test indicates the presence of the virus. When detected early, cervical cancer is highly treatable, and women have a high chance of survival. Regular screening can help identify early changes, allowing for early intervention.
4. Vaccination can prevent cervical cancer.
The HPV vaccine is one of the most effective preventive measures against cervical cancer. Vaccination protects against the types of HPV most likely to cause cervical cancer. The vaccine is recommended for both girls and boys at age 11 or 12, but it can also be given to older adolescents and young adults. Although the vaccine does not cure an existing HPV infection, it can prevent new infections, which can reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer in the future. Getting vaccinated before becoming sexually active is very important, as HPV is spread through sexual contact.
5. Smoking increases risk.
Women who smoke have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer than women who do not smoke. Smoking weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to clear HPV infections. It also introduces harmful chemicals that can damage the DNA of cervical cells, increasing the chance of abnormal cell changes. If you smoke, quitting can significantly reduce your risk of cervical cancer and improve your overall health.
6. Age and other risk factors are important.
Cervical cancer most commonly affects women between the ages of 35 and 44, although it can occur at any age. Women who have had multiple sexual partners or who started having sex at a young age are at higher risk of getting HPV. Other risk factors include a weakened immune system (such as those with HIV or taking immunosuppressants), long-term use of birth control pills, and a history of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Although HPV infection is common, most women with HPV never develop cervical cancer, so regular screening is vital to monitor changes and detect potential problems early.
7. Treatment options are effective, especially when detected early.
Cervical cancer is highly curable if diagnosed at an early stage. Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer, but typically include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. For women diagnosed with precancerous changes, procedures such as a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cryotherapy can remove the abnormal tissue and stop the cancer from growing. In advanced stages, a combination of radiation and chemotherapy may be used to treat the cancer. Advances in treatment have significantly improved survival rates for women with cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer is treatable and curable if detected early. Women should take proactive steps to reduce their risk, including getting the HPV vaccine, attending regular screenings, and avoiding smoking. Awareness of risks and precautions can help women make empowered decisions about their health and well-being. Regular checkups with a health care provider, combined with healthy lifestyle choices, can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer and improve overall health outcomes.